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THEME 4: "A COUNTRY DIVIDED"

In the last theme, students were introduced to the idea that Ghana's climate and terrain are quite variable. In this theme, students will explore this variation by investigating the different biomes found in Ghana and the environmental issues threatening them. In addition to collecting information about Ghana's environment, students will recognize that it is not only inappropriate to generalize about the continent of Africa but also about the individual country of Ghana.


FRESHMAN ECOLOGIST (Grades K-4)
Laying the Groundwork
Ask students:

  • What does it mean to put something into categories?
  • What categories do we have for the foods we eat or the music we listen to?
  • What characteristics do you think people might have considered when coming up with these categories?
  • How would you describe the weather where you live? The landscape? The plants? Would you use the same descriptions for your entire state? The entire country?
  • How do you think we can categorize the areas that have different characteristics? (Introduce the concept of ecological zones).
  • What characteristics do you think could be used to classify a particular place into an ecological zone? Make a list of these characteristics.
  • Construct a KWL chart. Include in the chart how many ecological zones you think Ghana has and the characteristics you think define them.

Exploration
The task:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) located in Accra, the capital of Ghana, has asked you and your classmates to complete a very important task. In order to protect their environment, the EPA must understand the ecology of their country. Your task is to collect information about Ghana's ecological zones.

Students can explore the following ideas:

  • Ecological zones are also referred to as biomes. For the definition of a biome, go to The World's Biomes.
  • Visit the Biome Map. Locate Ghana on the map and identify its biome(s). How many are there? What are their names?
  • Identify the characteristics of each of Ghana's biomes at Enchanted Learning. What are the temperature ranges in each biome? How much rainfall does each biome get? How many and what types of plants and animals are found in each?
  • Make a comparison chart listing the similarities and differences among the biomes of Ghana.
  • Now visit the University of Queensland, Australia site. How is this map different from the one you have just seen?

Dr. Mary Phillips, a teacher of environmental studies in Waco, Texas, began a unit on environmental issues in Ghana by having her students create a puzzle of the different biomes found in Africa. Have your students use the map found on the University of Queensland, Australia site to create their own color-coded biome puzzle of Ghana.

Making Connections

  • How is the information you learned about the ecological zone(s) in Ghana the same as or different from what you predicted in your KWL chart? Use the information you have gathered to complete the chart.
  • Revisit the Biome Map and determine how many biomes there are in the U.S. Does Ghana or the U.S. have more biomes? Are there any biomes shared by both?

Branching Out

  • The EPA could really use the information you have just gathered. How could you share with them what you have learned? Incorporate your comparison chart and puzzle.

JUNIOR ECOLOGIST (Grades 5-8)
Laying the Groundwork
Ask students:

  • Describe what comes to mind when you think of the following words and phrase in relationship to Ghana: Climate, topography, vegetation, biome, and environmental issue. Make a list of these descriptions and include them in the first column of your KWL chart.
  • What led you to make these suggestions?
  • How are your descriptions of these environmental features of Ghana similar to descriptions you would use for places you have visited?

Exploration
The task:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) located in Accra, the capital of Ghana, is conducting a comparison study. They have asked you and your classmates to gather information on the climate, topography, vegetation, ecoregions (biomes), and environmental issues in northern and southern Ghana.

Students can explore the following ideas:

Climate

  • Use the Library of Congress and Encarta sites to explore how the climate differs between northern and southern Ghana.
  • Visit Encyclopaedia Britannica. What is the harmattan? How does it affect the climate in northern and southern Ghana? Is the harmattan good or bad for the people of Ghana?

Topography

  • The topography of Ghana can be divided into three regions. Visit the Library of Congress site to learn about the Low Plains region, the Akwapim-Togo Ranges, and the High Plains region. Using this information, map the three regions on a printout of a political map of Ghana from about.com. How does the topography affect the agricultural practices in these regions?
  • One of the most prominent topographical features in Ghana is man-made. Visit Encyclopaedia Britannica to learn more about Lake Volta.

Vegetation

  • Use Encarta to investigate how the vegetation differs in northern and southern Ghana.

Biome

  • Visit the Biome Map. Locate Ghana on the map and determine which biomes are found there. How many are there and what are they called? Use the MapMachine from National Geographic to learn more about the different regions in Ghana.

Environmental Issues

  • What are the main environmental issues facing northern and southern Ghana? Visit the "environment" section of Virtual Journey of Ghana to find out. Explore these issues further using Ghana Virtual Journey and Golden Essays.

Making Connections

  • How does the information you learned about the environmental features of Ghana compare with what you predicted in your KWL chart? Use the information you have gathered to complete the chart.
  • How do the differences in these environmental features in northern and southern Ghana affect the lives of the people who live there?
  • How should the EPA go about designing a conservation plan for Ghana?
  • Why is it inaccurate to generalize about Africa-or even Ghana?

Helpful sites:
The "society" section of Virtual Journey of Ghana

Branching Out

  • Make a comparison chart for northern and southern Ghana that could be incorporated into the EPA's comparison study report. Make sure to include both similarities and differences.

SENIOR ECOLOGIST (Grades 9-12)
Laying the Groundwork

Ask students:

  • Name some environmental issues you are familiar with. Make a list of these issues.
  • Are these issues we are facing in the U.S. or are they more common in other parts of the world?
  • Based on what you have learned in earlier themes, which of these environmental issues do you think Ghana may be faced with? What led you to suggest these?
  • What questions do you have about the state of the environment in Ghana?
  • Construct a KWL chart. Include in the chart which environmental issues you think are plaguing Ghana.

Exploration
The task:
In Theme 3: "How Does Your Garden Grow?," a number of you investigated cocoa production in Ghana and the associated environmental issues. Now that you are knowledgeable about this subject, your expertise is being sought by international journalists committed to reporting on environmental issues in Ghana. Your task is to collect information for them on the major environmental issues facing Ghana today.

Students can explore the following ideas:

  • Visit the "environment" section at the Virtual Journey of Ghana to find out what the main environmental issues are in Ghana.
  • What regions of the country are most affected by these environmental issues? Why are these regions valuable and why are they vulnerable?
  • What are the primary causes of deforestation? Why is it a problem? What can be done to ease the effects of deforestation? What is being done? Why was deforestation not a problem in traditional Ghanaian society?
  • What is desertification? Why is it a problem? What natural and human activities contribute to desertification? What are some possible solutions to the problem of desertification? What is being done worldwide to combat desertification? In Ghana?
  • Examine the relationship between desertification and deforestation and air/water pollution at the United Nations University site.
  • Examine the relationship between desertification and bushfires at the University of Freiburg, Denmark site. What do Ghanaians use fire for? What is being done to prevent bushfires?
  • How is the information you learned about the environmental issues facing Ghana the same as or different from what you predicted in your KWL chart? Use the information you have gathered to complete the chart.
  • How do deforestation and desertification affect the lives of the Ghanaian people?
  • How do you think deforestation affects the plants and animals who have adapted to rainforest conditions? What do you think happens to the plants and animals who depend on the trees for survival?

Helpful sites:
Virtual Journey of Ghana

Golden Essays: Desertification

On the Line: Tropical Rain Forest

United Nations: Convention to Combat Desertification

Branching Out
Now it is time to convey to the journalists the information you have gathered.

  • Create a brochure for the journalists explaining what you have learned about the major environmental issues in Ghana. Use cause-and-effect diagrams to illustrate the relationship between factors. For an example of a cause-and-effect diagram, visit Clemson University's Web site.
  • What other questions do you now have about environmental issues in Ghana?
Digging Deeper Search
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